America's Involvement in World War Two and How it helped contribute to Research Paper

America's Involvement in World War Two and How it added to America turning into a Super Power - Research Paper Example America was not legitimately associated with the war in the beginning times. The need expanded after the fall of France, the Pearl Harbor occurrence however for the most part when Hitler announced war on U.S. This prompted America’s direct association in the World War II and helped America to change from an incredible capacity to a super force. World war II began by the profound situated annoyance in German because of the misfortune in World War I. Hitler another pioneer in Germany changed it from a crushed state to ground-breaking one with an enormous armed force of up to 400,000 men which prompted the breaking of the bargain of Versailles (Langley). Walk sixteenth 1935 Hitler destroyed the bargain of Versailles when he began to develop his military (Hills and Barber 10) .Although U.S.A had consistently been a partner in the Second World War its immediate inclusion didn't came after a lot later. In 1939 its lone contribution was to give arms and ammo thusly of money from nations. America was in a roundabout way helping the partners by keeping Japan from oil. Winston Churchill over and again attempted to persuade Franklin D. Roosevelt to enter the war however it was after Hitler’s affirmation of war, the assault by Japanese on USA maritime base in Pearl Harbor, America got straightforwardly engaged with the war. ... This assault prompted partners attacking Italian terrain prompting the catch of Rome. The United States alongside different partners kept on assaulting the Axis powers which prompted the retake of Paris in the D-Day Invasion (Hills and Barber 17, 25). In the Tokyo Bombing Raids American aircraft crushed up to 250,000 structures and slaughtered 83,000 in huge fire bombarding. It kept on having a significant impact in the assaults on the Axis Powers, till the finish of the war where it dropped two nuclear bombs in Japan finishing the war. These incorporated the two atomic besieging the world had ever observed one being in Hiroshima and the other in Nagasaki. The two bombings left the city with enormous obliteration with huge number of causalities breaking the quality of Japan absolutely and just six days after the besieging of Nagasaki Japan gave up. It is obviously observed by the occasions of the war that despite the fact that America was not included legitimately from the outset in the war it assumed a critical job once it turned out to be straightforwardly included and it’s most significant job was that of finishing the war by annihilating one of the primary Axis powers, Japan, totally (Langley 56). It is regularly thought about how U.S.A arrived at its situation of strength on the planet. What's more, it would not be right to connect its ascent a super capacity to the outcomes and occasions of World War II. The attributes of super force are right off the bat having a solid stable economy, furthermore overwhelming military, thirdly colossal global political force and ultimately solid national belief system. Before the war America was viewed as an extraordinary force alongside numerous other incredible solid countries like Russia and Britain. It was simply after the war that U.S.A rose as a solid super force and still holds that position. Indeed, even in years

New Deal

The expectation of balancing out the financial capacity of a country is the most huge objective of any pioneer. Be that as it may, with President Franklin Roosevelt’s system to uk/advantages and disadvantages of-fdrs-brainchild-the-new-bargain/>implement the New Deal, the country was not so much ready to accomplish maintainability for a long haul. Roosevelt’s principle expectation was to grow the government’s capacity to help the divisions which were influenced by the extraordinary gloom. The facts confirm that the government ability had the option to build its capacity yet with a comparing irreversible expense. On account of such extension, extra government sections were built which contained what was known as the â€Å"alphabet agencies† as expressed in Wikipedia. The majority of these offices were not so much critical in giving security measures to individuals who were straightforwardly encountering monetary change. Indeed, even the Supreme Court precluded that some of those government workplaces were built illegally. Various such offices just added to the flawed portion of government subsidizes which incredibly influenced the national budgetary stipend. A tremendous bit of squandered cash was utilized for non-performing divisions which could have spared the overall population some increasingly social government assistance reserves. One fundamental confirmation of such squanders is the decrease of these offices to just two or three ones which can even now be perceived today. The absolute biggest residual offices still in activity are the Security and Exchange Commission and the Social Security System. These organizations have direct effects on general society since the previous gives enrollments to organizations while the last expects to give money related and government assistance protections to every person. The New Deal’s bartering approach in controlling the cash flexibly and the economy when all is said in done didn't generally gave the three R objectives help, recuperation and change. Individuals were not so much diminished from the dangerous financial downturn because of misallocation of assets. Recuperation was not really accomplished because of the worldwide impacts of the Wall Street Crash in 1929. In conclusion, change just delivered extra issues in dealing with the national government because of the foundation of satellite divisions which muddled the overseeing procedure. References Wikipedia. 2008. New Deal. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Recovered January 16, 2008 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal.

Using Facebook for Business Purposes

Using Facebook for Business Purposes Facebook, the ubiquitous social media network, cannot only be used as a personal social networking tool, but, when carefully used it can help your firm achieve your strategic marketing goals. Though it is only ten years old, Facebook’s meteoric growth and presence in our daily lives make it seem older.Facebook was created by Mark Zuckerburg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes in 2004. It was originally founded as a social networking site for Harvard students, but quickly expanded to include all Internet users with an .edu address (college students, alumni, and employees). Its popularity led the fledgling company to then open the network to everyone. Currently the site has over 1.3 billion users, ten percent of which are estimated to be fake accounts. With such heavy usage worldwide, Facebook is fertile ground not just for personal interaction, but for business activity as well. © Shutterstock.com | Alexey BoldinIn this article, we look at 1)  purpose of Facebook, 2) benefits of Facebook, 3) steps for using Facebook for business, 4) terms specific to Facebook, and 5) building customer engagement on Facebook (Sportscenter).1. PURPOSE OF FACEBOOKWhat started out as a social networking website for college students has quickly turned into one of the most powerful tools a business has for advertising and marketing. Due to the sheer number of people on Facebook, it is possible to market your business without spending a lot of money on developing a website and a related marketing campaign. Advertisement on Facebook is also cheaper than traditional methods.As a firm, you can use Facebook to:Build a lasting connection with your consumersIncrease brand awareness among members of your target market and the public at largeBurnish your reputationInteract with your target market informallyGain insights about your product or brandAdvertise your products or services to you r targetNetwork with other firms in the same or other markets2. BENEFITS OF FACEBOOKFacebook can be a powerful addition to your digital strategy. It can increase the exposure of your firm and overall online presence, effectively reach your target audience, and generate sales leads. Facebook provides firms access to a universe of over 1.3 billion users, which you can segment geo-demographically to ensure that your content reaches the right people. Proper use of Facebook can also foster brand loyalty â€" engaging your customers on Facebook by offering compelling content and being  responsiveness to inquiries and customer service issues can deepen their loyalty to your brand. As an advertising medium, Facebook posts are free and Facebook ads are less costly than print or broadcast ads. Thus, the social network can reduce your advertising expenses, and potentially increase your overall marketing ROI.Facebook is mobile ready, the importance of which is growing in tandem with the worldwi de trend of increasing Internet usage via smartphone. Facebook can also help drive traffic to your website and improve your presence in search engine results. Posts with strong headlines or openings, and links to the remaining content on your webpage, can be an excellent source of new visits to your corporate site or marketing campaign micro site. While it is debatable that Facebook links to your website increases your website’s search engine optimization (SEO), Google’s search engine algorithm, among others, now includes “Social Recognition,” or social presence. So the mere existence of a Facebook can improve your website’s SEO. Further, the mere presence of a Facebook page in search engine results provides another way for people to find your firm.3. STEPS FOR USING FACEBOOK PAGES FOR BUSINESSStrategize About The Target Market And Target GroupAs you can see, Facebook is a platform that can be harnessed to accomplish concrete marketing goals, when properly utilized as a pa rt of a well-planned marketing campaign. During the planning phase, you should be able to answer the following key questions:Who is your target market, and are they on Facebook?These days most people on social media are on Facebook, but certain industries lend themselves better to other social media platforms. Pinterest, Tumblr or Instagram for example might lend themselves more to a firm selling visual creative services, simply because those platforms are specifically for the sharing of rich media content. Further, in certain international markets, other social media networks might dominate (such as QZone in China and South Korea). However, Facebook still has the broadest usage of social media platforms in the U.S.What are you trying to accomplish?Brand awareness? Direct sales? Market research? Just as with any marketing channel, it is critical that you know the answer to this question before you invest any human capital or financial resources on Facebook. Further, understanding wh at your ultimate goal is will better help you determine the appropriate strategies and tactics to get there.How will you measure success?There are a number of metrics that are available to Facebook users that you can analyze to measure the success or failure of your campaign. It is important to set goals using these metrics beforehand. Not only will it help you assess your results, but it will help you make the case to allocate financial resources to your Facebook campaign.What is your content strategy?This is fairly dependent on the answer to the question: what are you trying to accomplish. But it is such a critical component of any Facebook campaign (or indeed any social media campaign), that it deserves as much weight as any of the aforementioned questions.Setup Your Facebook Page For Your Target Group © FacebookOnce you have the answers to these questions, you can begin by setting up a Facebook Page for your firm. While Facebook allows you to set up a number of types of Pages, including Personal Profiles, Fan Pages, Community Pages and Groups, Company Pages lend themselves most readily to business usage. Company Pages allow your firm to advertise, collect insights on Page visitors, create polls, and integrate third-party business apps, among other features. You can create a Facebook Page for your company, and create similar Pages for specific marketing campaigns. Once you’ve set up your Page(s), it’s time to implement your content strategy.How To Create A Facebook Business Page Create Compelling ContentWhen planning to launch a Facebook Company Page, it is best to plan your content in advance. When your Page is live, you may have your hands full either interacting with consumers, or crafting content from company news and/or current events, to consistently plan compelling and original content that engages your target market. Ideally, you should lay out, in broad terms, three-to-six months’ worth of evergreen content, as well as content for a year’s worth of the major holidays.In broad terms, your content should always be: Personal. Your website is the place for your firm’s formal tone. People are not looking for dense, informative content on Facebook. They are seeking connection.Compelling. Your content should grab the viewer with a catchy lead or striking visual, and demand their attention. After all, Facebook is full of content competing with yours for their attention.Original. Avoid, where possible rehashes of existing news or trends, or rewrites of your own content. If your Facebook content is stale, that impression reflects on your firm’s brand.Visual. Research has shown that people engage far more with visual content online than with pure text content. Your visuals should be striking as well, to cut through the clutter of other content.Concise. Dont overload your followers with information. Facebook is not the medium for overly long dense, content and/or technical jargon. Facebook users are looking for the human connection behind your firm. Engage them in a conversational tone, and save prod uct updates and the like for your website.Allow for the possibility of two way interaction. Don’t just push information at people. Ask questions. Solicit feedback. Start a conversation, and continue it. The mere act of doing this shows your consumers that their opinions matter to you.Integrated. You can add Facebook buttons to your website that allow users to share the content on your other digital assets, such as your websites, easily on their own Facebook Page, thus broadening the reach of your content.Frequently updated. There a variety of thoughts on how frequently content should be updated. Some firms achieve optimum engagement through five or more posts a day, others through one every couple of days. There are two keys to understanding how frequently you should be posting: quality of content and data. Compelling, engaging content will always net strong results, and when you start paying attention to the data in Facebook Insights, such as who visits your Page, what types of c ontent they have been responding to, and how they have been responding, you will be able to determine the ideal number of updates per day or week for your firm.Varied. Why just have text, links, photo or video? Take advantage of other tried-and-true marketing initiatives, such as contests, sweepstakes, and giveaways. Facebook allows you to easily create polls which can also encourage user participation.Have a call to action. Not every post needs one. But you want to mobilize users to help you achieve your goals. Even in a PR Facebook campaign, constant interaction and engagement without mobilization of your followers is usually a waste of resources.Adhere to internal guidelines. Your firm should develop formal guidelines for social media content, including style, ideal length, and design specs. There should also be provisions for what content should be legally vetted, and the process for doing so.Ideally, contain a mixture of non-paid and paid content.Share It With The Relevant Audi enceOnce you have populated your Page with initial content, you want to invite your contacts to your Page. You can do this by importing your email contact list into Facebook. Even if your consumers do not accept your invite or interact with your Page based on your initial email invite, they may begin to do so as you begin to regularly post content and/or run Facebook ads.Advertising On Facebook © FacebookShould you post content or run ads? You can do the former without the latter, but you should not run ads without also posting content. If you do, you undercut the purpose of Facebook, because Facebook is not a pure advertising vehicle, nor was it intended to be. Facebook users will not be able to connect with your brand if all they see on your Page is the same ads they see on television. The answer to this question is also somewhat dependent on your campaign goals.Creating AdsTo create ads, you can click “Promote Page” to create ads. Or you can create ads out of posts you’ve already created. When you’ve created a post, and access the Admin panel for your Page, you’ll see an option to “Boost Post”. Selecting this option will allow you to select a target group of users you would like to see the ad. Once you segment the group by gender, interests, location, and age â€" according to your target market for the campaign, you can set the length of time for the ad to run. You can also set an amount of money that you would like to spend. When you click “Boost Post” again, the ad will run for the length of time you have set. Facebook will charge you based on the number of impressions your ad garners, and will automatically stop running your ad when the amount you have budgeted for the ad is expended.Perfecting The Ratio Of Content vs AdsWhat’s the ideal mix of content and ads? Again, this depends on your marketing campaign goals and objectives. One key advantage of social media, Facebook included, is the ability to cross-post content across multiple platforms. Using a third-party social media management tool like Hootsuite also allows you to schedule a single message on all social media platforms at the times when each platform has its highest engagement. Suppose you get the highest number of retweets on Twitter when you post in the early morning hours, but the highest number of shares on Facebook for evening hour posts. You can schedule a single message to go live in the morning on Twitter and in the evening on Facebook, using these third party tools. When budgets and time permit, you want to expand the ads you run on Facebook to your other digital assets as well. This can increase Facebook engagement.4. TERMS SPECIFIC TO FACEBOOKThere are several measures of engagement on Facebook. Of course, which ones you use depends on the goals of your particular campaign. Let’s take a look at the primary measures:  Likes: A person can “Like” the content you’ve shared. This shows up in a counter on your Page, and as an activity on their own Page (other people can see that a visitor to your Page has liked your content, which may impel them to like it as well). This serves as a signaling device to external audiences about the quality of your content, and can also be used as an internal measure of the quality of your content by your marketing department as well.Clicks: If a person is clicking on the links in your content, y ou’ve created content compelling enough for them to take an action. Remember, you want to ensure that what is at the other end of that link is just as compelling, so as to hopefully result in a sale, or other desired consumer action.Shares: You know that your content is compelling, if people are sharing your content with others. They are able to post it on their timeline, or on a Facebook Page or Group that they manage. This is a tacit endorsement of how compelling, informative, useful, or important your content is. When content is “shared” widely with little to no marketing push, the content is set to have gone “viral.” Because there is little to no perceived marketing push behind the content, people usually have a stronger connection with it then other company-created content such as advertisements.Reach: This is the number of impressions your content has on a post-by-post basis. Post reach can be boosted when you turn your post into a Facebook ad, but reach alone should not be the only metric you consider when assessing content.Comments: People commenting on your Facebook content, whether positively or negatively, is a sure sign that your content has made an impression. of course, you want those comments to be positive, but make sure that if you choose to respond to negative content, you do so in a manner that is positive and furthers your strategic initiatives.Brand mentions: These don’t always happen on your site. People can mention your brand on any social platform. You want to take advantage of a media monitoring service to ensure that you know where people are talking about your brand and what they are saying about it.Insights: In the Admin panel of your Facebook Page, the tab called Insights aggregates data for not only each of the first four metrics listed here, on a post by post basis, but also demographic information, viral reach of posts, type of device users are using to access your content, and more. With such a surfeit of informatio n, it is critical that you are clear on your metrics for success.5. BUILDING CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT ON FACEBOOK: SPORTSCENTEROne firm that makes excellent use of Facebook pages is ESPN to engage viewers of its show SportsCenter. Because its revenue model is primarily advertising dollars, ESPN seeks to ensure that its loyal SportsCenter viewers remain loyal and excited, and new visitors are hooked. ESPN’s SportsCenter page makes excellent use of the Facebook Timeline feature by featuring sports history milestones from professional championships dating decades back. The SportsCenter page also regularly poses questions to followers about new developments in sports, inviting its followers to debate and keeping them engaged.Another way SportsCenter uses Facebook is to hold promotional activities, such as contests. In 2013, SportsCenter asked its Facebook followers to vote on their favorite SportsCenter ad. The finalists were displayed in an hour-long SportsCenter special that counted down the top 50. Fan participation, partially incentivized by Burger King gift cards, was immense. 1.1 million people cast their votes on the Facebook voting app, with visitors to the page staying an average of four minutes. This Facebook contest led to the most engagement the SportsCenter page had enjoyed to date, significant value in impressions and brand mentions, and industry recognition.

Coming Up with a Powerful Statement of Purpose (Sample Inside)

Coming Up with a Powerful Statement of Purpose (Sample Inside) A powerful statement of purpose is a gateway to the first-rate higher education. As such, it shouldn’t be treated as just another monotonous essay about a student. It must stand out. Those applying to prestigious Ph.D. and Master’s degree programs have to precisely indicate their goals and what they hope to accomplish within the professional field. The applicants are advised to avoid vague statements and instead opt for precision. A focused statement of purpose will demonstrate to the admissions committee that the enrollee has a genuine interest in and the understanding of the program, which makes them a good fit. If you are not sure how to write a strong statement of purpose, consider the following sample prepared by our expert writers. Statement of Purpose Example â€Å"Emotion may flow almost instantly from appraisal† cautions the author of Meaning Ascription in the Elicitation of Emotional Response (1995). It is one of many articles I reviewed the last year for a bachelor’s thesis entitled â€Å"The Complementarity of Meaning Ascription and the Semantic Shaping of Emotions in Brand Design.† As suggested by the title, the project delves into a provocative yet scarcely explored field of theoretical research in which semantic function of meaning ascriptions is treated as the antecedent variable rather than the mediator of outcome effects in the evocation of emotional response. In brief, my research deals with the appraisal-affect link within the context of brand design. By closely studying semantic elements of meaning ascription, I arrived at effective evoking stimuli and explored their functional characteristics within the following dimensions: imminence, timing, and duration. I offered a summary of my bachelor’s thesis in lieu of a formal introduction of my past research experiences. This substantial venture into scholarship has reaffirmed my passion for brand development as well as imbued me with the confidence necessary to contest conventional opinions regarding brand positioning strategies. Continuing along the above-mentioned avenues of inquiry, I would like to use the thesis as the foundation for a future dissertation. Despite the fact that I remain cautious about committing myself steadfastly to a narrowly-defined line of research, I am, nonetheless, eager to modify and expand my original conclusions in the future. On a more basic level, the previous research experience has strengthened my understanding of the practical application of cognitive theories of emotion in corporate branding. Now, I know how to create and reinforce positive semantic linkages between evaluative appraisals of a brand and its perception by customers, thereby evoking a holistic emotional experience. There are many examples of how the semantic connection can be used within the modern structure of brand positioning; however, the most obvious one is the exploration of linguistic imagery rooted in the mother-infant bonding. Thus, the emotional attachment within the branding context is manifested in the desire to actively avoid separation with a brand in question. Master in Branding and Brand Strategy program offered by Seeway looms large in my mind due to the exceptional faculty of the institution and its emphasis on the interdisciplinary approach to branding studies. In my search for a suitable master’s program, I was thrilled to discover that Professor Jonathan Gabay teaches at the university. The Professor’s book Brand Psychology: Consumer Perceptions, Corporate Reputations shaped my perception of the field during my undergraduate education, which is why I believe that his cutting-edge research would make my experience at Seeway a challenging and enjoyable one. I also believe that Seeway offers an ideal climate for my further exploration of the field of corporate branding. In particular, I plan to pursue practical methodology for bringing a unique personality to a brand as a means of securing a profitable and advantageous position in the market. After the successful completion of the master’s degree, it is my goal to facilitate brands, both large and small, in promoting themselves in the fast-paced business environment.

Art and civilization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 541 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/22 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Civilization Essay Community Essay Did you like this example? 1. Explain the contributions of the Maya to art and civilization, describing at least one Mayan work of art as part of your answer. Please include page number from your book where art piece is found. The Maya invented a written language, a great calendar, advanced mathematics, and huge temples made of stone. The temples that they built suggest that the Maya priests were high power. The walls of their temples were richly carved and painted. On page 343, I found a great example of the Mayan art. The art piece is called Lintel 24 from Yaxchilan. This art piece is a sculpture. The sculpture has written symbols on the sides of it. There is a King standing holding a flaming torch. In it as well is his wife kneeling in front of him facing towards him. This is a really interesting sculpture because it has true meaning to the Mayans. The sculpture also has the wife drawing blood from her tongue. She has patterned clothing on. Their clothing is very detailed with textures. 2. Descri be a totem of the Tlingit. What is it, what does it signify, what does it look like? A totem of the Tlingit that I liked personally was the Tlingit Community House totem. A totem is an object such as an animal or plant that serves as an emblem of a family or clan; it often symbolizes original, prehuman ancestors. The Tlingit Community House totem has shapes of beavers, bears, whales, and ravens. It also consist of symbols, which held a family clan to remember its history back to mythological times, much like a family crest. 3. Describe the Cubist movement, including a discussion of its various phases, major artworks and artists. Together, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque came up with investigation that ended up leading to Cubism. Cubism was the most influential movement of the 20th century. It influenced the basic visual structure of many of the notable paintings of this century. Color was part of this time but structure was the main thing. One of Picassos paintings of this cent ury is Les Demoiselles DAvignon. This piece, according to the book, shows radical departure from tradition. It shows many shapes and angular figures. Another art piece is by Georges Braque called the Portuguese. It is a portrait of a man sitting at a cafe table strumming a guitar. This piece is an example of the analytical phase of Cubism. This phase was about geometric references to certain views of subjects. During the Synthetic phase of Cubism, artists combined abstract with realism. 4. Describe the rise of the Dada movement. What were its aims? What are some examples of its typical works? The rise of the Dada movement came because due to the war, a number of artists, writers and intellectuals notably of French and German nationality found themselves congregating in the refuge that Zurich   offered. It aimed to fix the destructive absurdity of war that was caused by traditional narrow minded values which they set out to overturn. One example would be the scultpure THE SPIRIT OF OUR TIME which expresses a truth about our culture. Another is the of THE MULTI-MILLIONAIRE which is an indusztrial age man stands as a fractured giant among the things he has produced. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Art and civilization" essay for you Create order

Critical Views of Beowulf Free Essays

Beowulf Critical views †¢One of the oldest and most important remains of the Anglo-Saxon literature is the epic poem of Beowulf. Its age is unknown; but it comes from somewhere between the 7th and the 10th centuries. It is like a piece of ancient armour; rusty and battered, and yet strong. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Views of Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now The style of the epic poem is likewise simple- perhaps one should say, austere. Beowulf is indeed the most successful Old English poem because in it the elements, language, metre, theme, structure, are all most nearly in harmony. The author seems mainly bent upon telling us how his Sea-Goth slew Grendel and the Fire-drake. †¢The poem opens with an account of forefathers of Hrothgar the Scylding, king of Danes. He is the builder of Heorot, the hall where Beowulf contends with Grendel. The poem begins with the burial of Scyld, from whom the dynasty of Scyldings take its name. In ancient days, so ran the legend, scyld when he was child, was drifted in an open boat to the shores of Danes. When coming thus out of the secret of the Sea the bark touched the land, the folk found the naked child lying asleep in the midst of arms and gems and golden treasure, took him up and hailed him king. As he came alone and mysteriously out of the sea, so he passes away alone and mysteriously into the sea, and the introduction of the poem describes his burial. With as many treasures he brought, with so many they send him away when he died. And as the poem begins with this burial, so it ends with the burial of Beowulf. His burial is nothing mythic, nothing mystic surrounding it. Beowulf, dead after his fight with the dragon, and his gray hair lying around his hair, is borne to the top of the great cliff that overlooks the sea. The cliff has its own name, Whale’s Ness. †¢The epic is divided into three chief episodes. Yet these three episodes are well wrought and well diversified. They are not repetitions, exactly; there is a change of wrestling with Grendel in the night at Heorot and the descent underwater to encounter Grendel’s mother; while the sentiment of the Dragon is different again. But the great beauty, the real value, of Beowulf is in its dignity of style. †¢The word Grendel, as Lawrence points out, can be associated with the Old English grund, i. e. ground, bottom, or watery depths that we find the lurking-place of Grendel and his mother. †¢SIMILARITY WITH OTHER WORKS: Frederick Panzer in 1910 published the results of a careful study of over 200 folk-tales which have elements of resemblance to the Grendel story. These tales with all their variations of outline have enough in common. One of these is the tale of ‘The Bear’s Son’. From the varying versions of ‘The Bear’s Son, something like a central frame, or outline, can be reconstructed. An aged king builds a hall or house which is nightly haunted by a demon. The elder sons of the king are unable to overcome the invader, but the youngest son, formerly held in little esteem, wrestles with the monster and wounds him. The fight of the demon is marked by a trail of blood. An episode follows in which the hero fights in an underground lair of monsters often against a male and a female. His victory over them, sometimes by a use of a magic sword, frees captive maidens who return to the upper world. But the hero is abandoned by faithless companions, and must without aid contrive means of escape from the monster’s home. The tale often ends with the punishment of the traitors, and the marriage of the hero with one of the rescued maidens. Similarities in this outline to the Grendel episodes of the Beowulf are, of course, general rather than precise. But it seems clear that Panzer is correct in claiming that a relationship exists. How to cite Critical Views of Beowulf, Essay examples

Who Is Jesus Christ and What Is His Missions to the World free essay sample

Jesus Christ was the human form of God, that came to Earth to perform miracles, teach people his people about God, our Holy Father, and our savior. Although he was born In Bethlehem, on December 25th, unto Mary and Joseph. Jesus Christ is the Son of God! For God so loved the world that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believe In him should not parish, but have ever lasting life.John 3:16 Christ was a many things to the people of his time, such as: a husband, a father, and a carpenter. Essays are written to explain a process, examine something, or argue for or against a point. The opening paragraph of your essay should contain a thesis statement, as well as capture your readers attention and interest. Remember the adage, Youll never get another chance to make a good first impression. State the main idea or topic of the paragraph in a single sentence if you can. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Is Jesus Christ? and What Is His Missions to the World? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Include at least two ideas that support your topic sentence. Provide specific and interesting details about the topic. If you need more than one paragraph to develop your topic, be sure to begin each new paragraph with a transition phrase or sentence. Your closing paragraph should connect the important points of your essay. You can either answer any remaining questions not previously covered, or you may want to leave your readers with a thought to ponder on their own!

An Overview of Early Childhood Education

An Overview of Early Childhood Education Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs and strategies geared toward children from birth to the age of eight. This time period is widely considered the most vulnerable and crucial stage of a persons life. Early childhood education often focuses on guiding children to learn through play. The term commonly  refers to preschool or infant/child care programs. Early Childhood Education Philosophies Learning through play is a common teaching philosophy for young children. Jean Piaget developed the PILES theme to meet the physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social needs of children. Piagets constructivist theory emphasizes hands-on educational experiences, giving children the chance to explore and manipulate objects. Children in preschool learn both academic and social-based lessons. They prepare for school by learning letters, numbers, and how to write. They also learn sharing, cooperation, taking turns, and operating within a structured environment. Scaffolding in Early Childhood Education The  scaffolding method of teaching  is to offer more structure and support when a child is learning a new concept. The child may be taught something new by employing things they already know how to do. As in a scaffold that supports a building project, these supports can then be removed as the child learns the skill. This method is meant to build confidence while learning. Early Childhood Education Careers Careers in early childhood and education include: Preschool Teacher: These teachers work with children ages three to five who are not yet in kindergarten. The educational requirements vary by state. Some require only a high school diploma and a certification, while others require a four-year degree.Kindergarten Teacher: This position may be with a public or private school and may require a degree and certification, depending on the state.Teacher for First, Second, and Third Grades: These elementary school positions are considered to be part of early childhood education. They teach a full range basic academic subjects to a class rather than specializing. A bachelors degree is required and a certification may be needed, depending on the state.Teacher Assistant or Paraeducator: The assistant works in the classroom under the direction of the lead teacher. Often they work with one or more students at a time. This position often does not require a degree.Childcare Worker: Nannies, babysitters, and workers at childcare centers usually perf orm basic duties such as feeding and bathing in addition to play and activities that may be mentally stimulating. An associates degree in early childhood development or a credential may result in a higher salary. Childcare Center Administrator: The director of a childcare facility may be required by a state to have a bachelors degree in Early Childhood Education or a certification in Child Development. This position trains and supervises the staff as well as performing the administrative duties of the facility.Special Education Teacher: This position often requires additional certification beyond that for a teacher. The special education teacher would work with children who have special needs, including mental, physical, and emotional challenges.

The Crimes of Betty Lou Beets

The Crimes of Betty Lou Beets Betty Lou Beets was convicted of murdering her husband, Jimmy Don Beets. She was suspected of having killed her ex-husband, Doyle Wayne Barker. Beets was executed by lethal injection in Texas on February 24, 2000 at the age of 62. Betty Lou Beets Childhood Years Betty Lou Beets was born in Roxboro, North Carolina on March 12, 1937. According to Beets, her childhood was filled with traumatic events. Her parents were poor tobacco farmers and suffered from alcoholism. At age three she lost her hearing after getting the measles. The disability also affected her speech. She never received hearing aids or special training on how to deal with her disability. At age five Beets alleged that she was raped by her father and was sexually abused by others throughout her early childhood years. At the age of 12 she had to leave school to take care of her younger brother and sister after her mother was institutionalized. Husband #1 Robert Franklin Branson In 1952, at the age of 15, she married her first husband, Robert Franklin Branson, and they had a daughter the following year. The marriage was not without trouble and they separated. Beets attempted suicide in 1953. Later, after facing execution  for the murder of Jimmy Don Beets, she described her marriage to Robert as abusive. However, the two remained married until 1969 and had five more children together. Robert ultimately left Betty Lou which she said devastated her both financially and emotionally. Husband #2 #3 Billy York Lane According to Beets, she did not like being single and began to drink to chase away the loneliness. Her ex-husband did little to support the children and the money she received from welfare agencies was inadequate. By late July 1970, Beets was married again to Billy York Lane, but he, too, proved to be abusive and the two divorced. After the divorce, she and Lane continued fighting: he broke her nose and threatened to kill her. Beets shot Lane. She was tried for attempted murder, but the charges were dropped after Lane admitted that he had threatened her life. The drama of the trial must have rekindled their relationship because they remarried right after the trial in 1972. The marriage lasted one month. Husband #4 Ronnie Threlkold In 1973 at age 36, Beets began dating Ronnie Threlkold and they were married in 1978. This marriage did not seem to work out any better than her past marriage. Beets allegedly attempted to run Thekold over with a car. The marriage ended in 1979, the same year Beets, now 42, did thirty days in the county jail for public lewdness: she was arrested at a topless bar where she worked. Husband #5 Doyle Wayne Barker At the end of 1979 Beets met and married another man, Doyle Wayne Barker. When she divorced from Barker is uncertain, but nobody knew his bullet-ridden body was buried in the backyard of Betty Lous home. It was later determined that Doyle was murdered in October, 1981. Husband #6 Jimmy Don Beets Not quite a year had passed since Doyle Barker’s disappearance when Beets married again, this time in August 1982 to a retired Dallas fireman, Jimmy Don Beets. Jimmy Don survived the marriage for just under a year before she shot and killed him and buried his body in a specially built wishing well in the front yard. To hide the murder Beets solicited help from her son, Robert Bobbie Franklin Branson II, and her daughter, Shirley Stegner. Arrest Beets was arrested on June 8, 1985, almost two years after Jimmy Don Beets went missing. A   confidential source gave information to the Henderson County Sheriffs Department that indicated Jimmy Beets was possibly murdered. A search warrant was issued for Betty Lou’s home. The bodies of Jimmy Beets and Doyle Barker were found on the property. A pistol discovered in the Beets home matched the type of pistol used to shoot two bullets into Jimmy Beets and three into Barker. Kids Admit InvolvementWhen investigators interviewed Betty Lou’s children, Branson and Stegner, they admitted to some involvement in helping to conceal the murders that their mother had committed. Stegner also testified in court that Beets told her of her plan to shoot and kill Barker and that she helped dispose of Barkers body. Robbie Branson testified that on August 6, 1983, he left his parents’ home on the night that Beets told him that she was going to kill Jimmy Don. He returned a few hours later to help his mother get rid of the body in the â€Å"wishing well†. He planted evidence to make it look like Jimmy had drowned while out fishing. Stegner testified that her mother called her to her home on August 6 and when she arrived she was told everything had been taken care of in regards to killing and disposing of the Jimmy Dons body. Beets reaction to her childrens testimony was to point the finger at them as the true killers of Jimmy Don Beets. Why Did She Do It? The testimony given in court points to money as the reason Betty Lou Beets murdered both men. According to her daughter, Beets told her she needed to get rid of Barker because he owned the trailer in Gun Barrel City, Texas that they lived in and, if they were to divorce, he would get it. As for her killing Jimmy Don, she did it for insurance money and pension benefits that he might have had. Guilty Beets was never tried for the murder of Barker, but she was found guilty of capital murder of Jimmy Don Beets and sentenced to death. Execution After over 10 years of appeals Betty Lou Beets was executed by lethal injection on February 24, 2000, at 6:18 p.m. in the Huntsville, Texas prison. At the time of her death she had five children, nine grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

Technology impact on the organization Research Paper

Technology impact on the organization - Research Paper Example Factors of production include the inputs required in the production process in order to accomplish an organization’s objective in achieving its desired output. The desired output may be a finished product or a service depending on the organization. They include labor, capital, land and enterprise or entrepreneurship (Lee & Edgar, 2002). This makes technological progress the mover of development in the economy. Labor in an organization is termed as either skilled labor or unskilled labor. Most organizations will prefer the use of unskilled labor as much as possible since it is cheaper as compared to skilled labor. It is also in many instances readily available. On the other hand, skilled labor is needed, especially where technology brings in the aspect of automation in processing. Capital is the initial amount of money required to carry out organization affairs. Depending on the investment targeted, an organization requires variant amount of capital. An organization with an automated computer controlled process cannot have the same amount of investment with another of the same kind. Initial cost of high technology is high, but this ends up becoming economical due to efficiency and high productivity in processing. This is a basic factor that deals with the management of a company. Workers in the managerial positions and are conversant with high grade technology know how to bring out better results. This brings in the aspect of â€Å"Just in Time† delivery of goods and services. One of the roles of technology includes increased productivity of the workers. This is enhanced by the use of efficient machines in operations, thus making it possible to exploit the worker’s potential. There is optimal resources utilization; this includes space, time, process, human resource among others. When there is no waste in a process, optimal profits are obtained, and making profits is the main goal of any business organization (Montano

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project Assignment

Quality Management Tools & Techniques Individual Project - Assignment Example Actually, the establishment of this plant has been of much significance to the company. As a matter of fact, the beverage sector has become so competitive. Although the management of the Coca-Cola Inc. deeply understands much about it, they acknowledge that a lot still need to be done. For the company to continue enjoying a large share of the market, especially in this market, it needs to put in place a team of competent, highly qualified and motivated managers. These will be conserved about the management of its human, financial and all the other resources. Once the company has such management, it will be much possible for it to discharge all its operations without many challenges. First, the management will do this by hiring a large pool of professional employees to work for the company. Besides, they will be highly motivated to ensure that their productivity is boosted. Moreover, through a proper utilization of the company’s resources, the organization will manage to come up with novel ideas and viable strategies to improve the company’s products, quality of services to the satisfaction of all its clients. All these should be properly done as they can enable the company to record a tremendous growth. Once it can satisfy its clients, it will definitely have to accomplish its set short and long-term objectives. As part of the larger Coca-Cola Incorporations, Al Ahlia Gulf Line acknowledges that the satisfaction of its clients’ diverse needs is the corner stone of its success. Just like the rest of the stakeholders, the customers constitute a very significant section of the company. Without them, nothing much can be achieved. For this reason, the company has dedicated its time to ensure that the clients are provided with the necessary services and products which they always require. Beverage is a very popular product which is consumed by a large number of people in the country. However, this does not necessarily mean that the company is assured of

Nursing Processes for Emesis Management

Nursing Processes for Emesis Management Nausea and vomiting are common complications of multiple conditions, procedures, therapies, and events such as motion sickness, pregnancy, anesthesia (general, regional, or local) or radio/chemotherapy. Symptoms can be debilitating for many patients, and in the case of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) physical damage may result, such as rupture of sutures, stitches, and esophageal tissue, and metabolic problems, such as electrolyte imbalances and dehydration (Golembiewski et al, 2005; Gan 2006). In severe cases of PONV, although rare, aspiration of gastric contents may occur, resulting in pulmonary sequelae, such as pneumonia or pneumothorax (Scuderi and Conlay 2003; Bremner and Kumar 1993). Thus effective treatment of PONV, possibly through multimodal antiemetic prophylaxis, is an important are of research (Skledar et al. 2007). This essay will consider two commonly used, well-recognized antiemetic treatments namely cyclizine and prochlorperazine. Both represent very old drug therapies, with cyclizine having been launched as an antiemetic in 1953, and prochlorperazine as an antipsychotic in 1957 (Broccatelli, 2010), its use as an effective antiemetic emerging soon thereafter (Finn et al, 2005). These drugs are commonly used on most wards in my practice setting and therefore it is vital for nursing staff to understand their respective pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Prior to prescribing it is also important that the nurse have relevant knowledge regarding how these drugs work, how their PD and PK properties are altered by disease processes such as kidney/liver failure and whether there are any relevant contraindications or precautions. Additionally, the potential for drug-drug interactions and the dose appropriate for the patients age and weight should be ascertained if beneficial pati ent orientated outcomes are to be achieved. These issues will be comprehensively discussed within this essay. Pharmacology of emesis There are a plethora of drugs on the market to treat emesis, however, deciding upon an appropriate and effective treatment for patients requires the cause of the underlying nausea and vomiting to be ascertained. This is because the symptoms can manifest as a result of a number of underlying pharmacological processes, as will now be described. Vomiting is a complex reflex action controlled by the vomiting centre (VC) in the medulla region of the brain, an important part of which is the chemotrigger zone (CTZ); stimulation of this in turn leads to VC stimulation which ultimately leads to vomiting (Goodman Gilman, 1996). Neurotransmitter mediated stimulation of the VC can arise from both peripheral and central impulses (Shanbhag, 2008). Thus gastrointestinal irritation, motion sickness and vestibular neuritis all manifest in nausea and vomiting as a result of neurotransmitter release. The three main neurotransmitters involved in the control of vomiting are acetylcholine (ACh; via muscarinic-receptors), dopamine (via dopaminergic receptors), histamine (via H-1 receptors), and serotonin (via 5-HT3 receptors) (Shanbhag, 2008). Inhibition or antagonism of these receptors achieves emetic control. The VC has neurons which are rich in muscarinic cholinergic and histamine containing synapses and is directly stimulated by the vestibular input (e.g. through motion sickness), whilst dopamine and serotonin release are involved in the visceral stimuli pathway (e.g. through chemotherapy treatment) and also in the CTZ stimulation pathway as shown in Figure 1. Thus drug classifications of anti-emetics arise on the basis of which of the three pathways that they target (Flake et al., 2004). Selective serotonin receptor antagonists and antidopaminergics target the visceral stimuli and the CTZ, whilst the antihistamines and anticholinergics target the vestibular input pathway (Hornby , 2001; Flake et al., 2004). Etiology of Nausea and Vomiting Cyclizines anti-emetic effects are not fully understood but it is thought that it works by blocking the transmission of information from the labyrinthine apparatus in the inner ear (i.e. the vestibular pathway) to the VC (Goodman and Gillman, 1996). Cyclizine may also target the CTZ and it thought to exhibit some ACh muscarinic receptor blockade which probably contribute to the antiemetic potential thus operating at several pathophysiological levels. However, a side effect of ACh blockade is sedation in some individuals along with the potential for certain deliriant and hallucinogenic effects, probably responsible for cyclizines abuse potential (Bailey and Davies, 2008). Cyclizine produces its antiemetic effect within two hours and it lasts approximately four hours (emc, n.d.). The exact mechanism of prochlorperazines antiemetic action is also unclear, but the drug is thought to inhibit apomorphine induced vomiting by blocking dopamine D2 receptors centrally in the CTZ and possibly peripherally through dopaminergic receptors in the intestine (Perwitasari, 2011).   However, it also has some potential to block anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors, and therefore can also result in sedation along with muscle relaxation, and orthostatic hypotension (Kelly, 2000). Following intramuscular administration prochlorperazine has an onset of action within ten to twenty minutes and a duration of action of three to four hours (globalrph, n.d.). Indications and dosage form Cyclizine is indicated for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness (BNF, 2012; emc, n.d.). It is given by mouth at a dose of 50mg tablets up to three times a day or parenterally as a 50mg in 1ml solution intramuscular (im) or intravenous (iv) injection again at a frequency of up to 3 times a day (Reynolds, 1993). The recommended dose in children aged 6-12 years is lower: 25 mg up to 3 times daily. For motion sickness, it is recommended that tablets be taken 1-2 hours before departure. Cyclizine can also be given for vertigo and, morning sickness in pregnancy, and to combat  opioid nausea. It is also prescribed for radiation sickness (medsafe, n.d.) and PONV (Cholwill et al., 1999), indeed it is given iv before the induction of general anaesthesia at half the recommended dose, to increase the lower oesophageal sphincter tone thus reducing the hazard of regurgitation and aspiration of gastric contents (medsafe, n.d.). Although prochlorperazine is classified as an antipsychotic, its principal use nowadays is in the treatment of severe nausea and vomiting of various causes including, PONV, vertigo and motion sickness (BNF, 2012). It has several dosage forms: tablet (5mg: one or two tablets 3-4 times daily), syrup (5mg in 5ml: 5-10 ml 3-4 times daily), suppositories (25mg twice daily), dissolvable tablet (buccal tablet 3mg: one or two tablets twice a day in adults and children aged 12 years and over), im injection (12.5mg in 1ml; 5-10mg repeated every 3-4 hours with a maximum daily dose of 40mg) and iv injection (2.5 -10 mg by slow IV injection or infusion  with a maximum daily dose of 40mg). The oral (and buccal) route is the only method of administration recommended for children, and it is not recommended in children younger than  12 years (BNF, 2012). The different dosage form of prochlorperazine provides the nurse with flexibility for example the elderly and children may prefer the syrup or b uccal tablet, or in dysphagia suppositories or intra-muscular injections could be more appropriate. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both considered first line treatments for nausea secondary to vertigo and motion sickness (Quigley, 2001) and are first line treatments in many hospitals in PONV (NHS, Salisbury; NHS Plymouth). A review by Matchar, et al. (2003) has suggested that oral prochloperazine may also be used as an adjunct in the treatment of nausea associated with migraine (Matchar et al, n.d.). No randomized controlled trial has been found which formally compares efficacy of cyclizine and prochlorperazine, however, two studies comparing cyclizine with perphenazine in ameliorating drug-induced emesis, have shown the former to have comparable antiemetic efficacy to this related phenothiazine drug (Dundee et al., 1975; Chestnutt and Dundee, 1986). These studies are featured in a Cochrane report (Stevenson, 2006) which investigates drugs for preventing PONV and highlights eight drugs which reduce PONV by a similar amount in this patient group, cyclizine being one. The report concluded, therefore, that the most important question to answer when treating emesis is What are the types and risks of side effects experienced by patients exposed to these antiemetics? Thus safe and effective prescribing requires the nurse to identify patient variables or comorbidities relevant to the drugs side effects, for example heart failure patients should not be prescribed cyclizine and individuals susceptible to visual disturbances should avoid prochlorperazine as per the drugs contraindications. It is noteworthy that both drugs may be prescribed in the later stages of pregnancy if considered appropriate by a doctor (Schaefer, 2007; CKS, n.d.).  [1]   The choice of antiemetic would depend upon the precise cause of the nausea in conjunction with the specific receptor affected. However, since several different neurotransmitters stimulate the CTZ, combining drugs with different mechanisms of action can often be more effective than increasing the dose of one individual drug (King and Brucker 2011). Indeed, combinations of antiemetics are often used in palliative care (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Notably, vomiting of unclear or mixed origin may respond to a phenothiazine such as prochlorperazine because, in addition to acting on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the CTZ, it also acts at the VC and vestibular area. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both commonly used anti-emetics in palliative care where nausea and vomiting are present in up to 70% of patients with advanced cancer (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Treating this patient population requires particular vigilance, since there may be a number of underlying reasons for and comorbidities contributing to the nausea and vomiting, and antiemetics may be inappropriate. Consideration for causes of the symptoms might include intestinal obstruction or constipation, anxiety, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), oesophageal candida, severe pain or hypercalcaemia all of which might warrant interventions other then antiemetics. Conversely, should the nausea and vomiting be identified as drug induced, then anti-emetics such as cyclyzine or prochlorperazine might be appropriate. Raised intracranial pressure stimulates vomiting centre via pressure receptors and can be problematic in patients with known or suspected brain metastases. Notable, cyclizine can be g iven to such patients, especially where corticosteroids are contraindicated (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Pharmacokinetics Cyclizine, like most antihistamines, is well absorbed from the GI tract. After oral doing the effects develop within 30 minutes, are maximal within 1-2 hours and lasts for 4-6 hours. A single oral dose of 50 mg cyclizine in healthy adult volunteers resulted in a peak plasma concentration of approximately 70 ng/mL, occurring at about two hours after drug administration. The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 20 hours.  [2]  Cyclizine is extensively metabolised in the liver via N-demethylation to the inactive metabolite norcyclizine (Figure 4), which is widely distributed throughout the tissues and has plasma half-life of approximately 20 hours. This metabolite has minor antihistaminic activity compared to parent drug. A single 50 mg dose of cyclizine when given to an adult male volunteer, results in less than 1% of the total dose administered being excreted as parent drug in the urine over a 24 h period. Thus urinary excretion of metabolite rather than parent drug is th e major route of elimination for  cyclizine. The metabolism is thought to be mediated through CYP 2D6 and therefore exhibit inter-subject variability dependent upon the CYP 2D6 genotype as demonstrated by Vella-Brincat et al. (2012) in their study of the PK of cyclizine (Appendix 1) and its major metabolite (Appendix 2) in palliative care patients receiving sub-cutaneous cyclizine. Results indicated that the metabolic ratio of parent drug to metabolite differed significantly according to CYP2D6 genetics.  [3]   Prochlorperazine is reasonably well absorbed from the GI tract and highly protein bound. It undergoes extensive metabolism both in the gastric mucosa and on first pass through the liver via the cytochrome P450 enzyme system (CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4)  [4]  to inactive metabolites, which are subsequently excreted in the urine. Parent drug has a plasma half-life of between 4 and 8 hours, the precise half-life differing according to the mode of administration. An im injection produces its antiemetic effect in 5-10 minutes and it lasts for 3-4 hours. Onset of effects are related to the mode of administration hence the pharmacokinetic profile, thus an oral dose would have a slightly slower onset of action but would last longer compared with an im injection.  [5]  According to Finn et al (2005), although the drug has been accepted as a useful anti-emetic for over half a century, its therapeutic success has been limited by its low and variable absorption and high first-pass metabolism. H owever, the development of a new buccal formulation has improved the PK, since studies demonstrate that buccal administration of prochlorperazine produces plasma concentrations more than twice as high as an oral tablet, with less than half the variability (Finn et al., 2005)  [6]  (Figure 5). When placed in the buccal cavity between the upper lip and the gum the formulation forms a gel from which the prochlorperazine is released and absorbed. The plasma levels achieved at steady-state on a dosage regimen of one 3mg buccal tablet twice daily are similar to those observed with the standard oral dosage of one 5 mg tablet taken three times daily. The elimination half-life of prochlorperazine in this formulation is 9 hours. The safety and efficacy of this relatively new formulation has also been demonstrated by Bond  [7]  (1998) in a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy trial in patients with vestibular disorders. Side effects By virtue of their pharmacology, cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both central depressants and can cause impairment of performance (Benson, 2001). Consequently, the pharmaceutical data sheets for both drugs have warnings regarding their potential to interfere with the ability to drive or operate machinery safely due to their ability to cause drowsiness (BNF, 2012). Despite the fact that cyclizine is one of the older antihistamines it is considered less potent in this regard compared to others in its class (Broccatelli, 2010), however, there is considerable variability in response to this side effect which can range from slight drowsiness to deep sleep. For this reason in practice, when one drug is not effective or poorly tolerated then it is justifiable to give another drug or combination of drugs (Benson, 2001). This unwanted side-effect is also a feature of prochlorperazine especially in the elderly, and often diminishes with continued treatment of both drugs (emc, n.d.). Cyclizines other more common side-effects include headache and psychomotor impairment plus antimuscarinic effects, such as urinary retention, dry mouth, blurred vision, and gastrointestinal disturbances (BNF, 2012). Less common side effects are palpitations and arrhythmias, also dizziness, hypotension, muscular weakness and poor coordination (Goodman and Gilman, 1975). Prochlorperazine commonly causes CNS related side effect such as acute dystonia or dyskinesia, however these tend to be transitory (usually occur within the first 4  days of treatment) and are more common in children and young adults. Dopamine antagonists like prochlorperazine can also cause extrapyramidal effects, QT prolongation and even severe hypotension, especially in the elderly (emc, n.d.). Muscle spasms and restlessness are other reported side effects. Interactions Cyclizine exhibits pharmacological interactions with other drugs due to antagonism of its action (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) or enhanced anticholinergic actions (tacrine, trimethobenzamine, triprolidine, trospium). Pharmacokinetic interactions may arise since cyclizine is an inhibitor of the hepatic CYP 2C9 isozyme system, which is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. This isozyme oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics and contributes to the wide pharmacokinetics variability of the metabolism of drugs such as S-warfarin, diclofenac, phenytoin, tolbutamide and losartan. Pethidine and propanidid are also listed as having a potential to interact with cyclizine. Cyclizine also acts as an inhibitor of estrogen sulfotransferase, the enzyme responsible for estradiol metabolism. Prochloperazine has a plethora of interactions, both pharmacological and pharmacokinetic. The pharmacokinetic interactions are largely due to competitive metabolic interactions at the hepatic CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6 enzymes. The CYP 3A4 isozymes are responsible for a variety of oxidation reactions e.g. caffeine 8-oxidation, omeprazole sulphoxidation, midazolam 1-hydroxylation and midazolam 4- hydroxylation, plus metabolism of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, and many other xenobiotics. Whilst the CYP 2D6 isozymes are responsible for the metabolism of many drugs and environmental chemicals, via oxidative transformation along with metabolism of drugs such as antiarrhythmics, adrenoceptor antagonists, and tricyclic antidepressants.  [9]  Consequently, the data sheet for prochlorperazine lists many drugs with interaction potential including adrenaline, amphetamine, carbamazepine, clonidine, desferrioxamine, guanethidine, levodopa, lithium, phenobarbital and propranolol. Managing Drug Therapy When managing the care of a patient, nursing staff must initially thoroughly assess the patient, then identify significant interactions between core drug knowledge (PD, PK, ADRs, interactions, contraindications) and the patients core variables (health status, age and gender, life-style and diet, environments, culture). Thereafter the nurse can plan and implement suitable interventions, which will maximise therapeutic effects whilst minimising adverse effects (Aschenbrenner and Venable, 2008). In order to achieve such objectives the nurse should ensure administration of the appropriate medication is given through a suitable route on a regular basis or as required, with ongoing patient evaluation and monitoring. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both considered first line treatments for nausea secondary to vertigo and motion sickness (Quigley, 2001) and are first line treatments in many hospitals in PONV (NHS, Salisbury; NHS Plymouth). A review by Matchar, et al. (2003) has suggested that oral prochloperazine may also be used as an adjunct in the treatment of nausea associated with migraine (Matchar et al, n.d.). No randomized controlled trial has been found which formally compares efficacy of cyclizine and prochlorperazine, however, two studies comparing cyclizine with perphenazine in ameliorating drug-induced emesis, have shown the former to have comparable antiemetic efficacy to this related phenothiazine drug (Dundee et al., 1975; Chestnutt and Dundee, 1986). These studies are featured in a Cochrane report (Stevenson, 2006) which investigates drugs for preventing PONV and highlights eight drugs which reduce PONV by a similar amount in this patient group, cyclizine being one. The report concluded, therefore, that the most important question to answer when treating emesis is What are the types and risks of side effects experienced by patients exposed to these antiemetics? Thus safe and effective prescribing requires the nurse to identify patient variables or comorbidities relevant to the drugs side effects, for example heart failure patients should not be prescribed cyclizine and individuals susceptible to visual disturbances should avoid prochlorperazine as per the drugs contraindications. It is noteworthy that both drugs may be prescribed in the later stages of pregnancy if considered appropriate by a doctor (Schaefer, 2007; CKS, n.d.).  [10]   The choice of antiemetic would depend upon the precise cause of the nausea in conjunction with the specific receptor affected. However, since several different neurotransmitters stimulate the CTZ, combining drugs with different mechanisms of action can often be more effective than increasing the dose of one individual drug (King and Brucker 2011). Indeed, combinations of antiemetics are often used in palliative care (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Notably, vomiting of unclear or mixed origin may respond to a phenothiazine such as prochlorperazine because, in addition to acting on dopamine and serotonin receptors in the CTZ, it also acts at the VC and vestibular area. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine are both commonly used anti-emetics in palliative care where nausea and vomiting are present in up to 70% of patients with advanced cancer (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Treating this patient population requires particular vigilance, since there may be a number of underlying reasons for and comorbidities contributing to the nausea and vomiting, and antiemetics may be inappropriate. Consideration for causes of the symptoms might include intestinal obstruction or constipation, anxiety, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), oesophageal candida, severe pain or hypercalcaemia all of which might warrant interventions other then antiemetics. Conversely, should the nausea and vomiting be identified as drug induced, then anti-emetics such as cyclyzine or prochlorperazine might be appropriate. Raised intracranial pressure stimulates vomiting centre via pressure receptors and can be problematic in patients with known or suspected brain metastases. Notable, cyclizine can be g iven to such patients, especially where corticosteroids are contraindicated (NHS Scotland, n.d.). Administration Precautions Due to its centrally acting effects, patients taking cyclizine should avoid alcohol and other depressants e.g. hypnotics or tranquillisers. Food may reduce irritation to cyclizine and since there is no interaction with food, this drug can be taken without regard to meals. The datasheet indicates it should be used with caution in hepatic disease, whilst in renal impairment there is a need for dose reduction (BNF, 2012). Cyclizine should also be used with caution in patients with severe heart failure. Other anticholinergic effects include visual disturbances, and sedation, which can make them dangerous for the elderly population or younger patients. Further, cardiovascular side effects e.g. hypotension, tachycardia, and palpitations have been reported, plus minor GI effect e.g. dry mouth and constipation. Cyclizine has a well-known abuse potential (Ruben et al. 2006). In opiate dependents receiving long-term methadone cyclizine is often taken in large doses intravenously to provide a m ore intense high. Thereafter the addict experiences depressive mood changes and a craving for cyclizine. Many individuals receiving long-term prescriptions of oral methadone have been identified as being habitual abusers of cyclizine.  [11]  Consequently, there is considerable reticence by pharmacists in prescribing the drug, and alternative treatments are generally sought. Obviously in the hospital setting there is little opportunity for such abuse, and the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the drug would therefore take precedence over its abuse potential (Barber, 1995; Philips and Thompson, 1997). Although prochlorperazine being an antipsychotic phenothiazine drug can be employed in psychiatry, in lower doses it is usually prescribed for its anti-emetic properties. Patients taking the drug should take with a full glass of water, avoid excessive quantities of coffee or tea (containing caffeine) and also avoid alcohol. Prochlorperazine should be used with caution in patients with renal and hepatic impairment and cardiovascular disease; also in Parkinsons disease, epilepsy and in patients with a history of glaucoma. While the drug does not deliver the euphoria that is associated with many commonly abused drugs, it still has some abuse potential since it can alter mood and perception, but not to the extent of cyclizine. Moreover, dependence and tolerance can develop, which can drive the individual to continue to seek more of the drug  [12]  and result in overdose, characterised by symptoms of central nervous system depression to the point of somnolence or coma. Agitation and r estlessness may also occur in overdose. Other possible manifestations include convulsions, EKG changes and cardiac arrhythmias, fever and autonomic reactions such as hypotension, dry mouth and ileus. Managing Drug Therapy Nausea and Vertigo: In emetic patients, antiemetics should only be prescribed when the underlying cause is known, indeed antiemetic administration may be harmful when the cause can be treated, e.g. in diabetic ketoacidosis or digoxin/antiepileptic overdose. In addition to motion sickness cyclizine can be given to patients with nausea caused by mechanical bowel obstruction and raised intracranial pressure.  [13]  Once a decision has been made that antiemetic drug treatment is appropriate, the drug and the dosage form should be chosen according to the aetiology of vomiting along with core drug knowledge and patient variables. Thus prochloperazine is useful for episodes of more severe nausea and vomiting e.g. associated with diffuse neoplastic disease, radiation sickness, and the emesis caused by drugs such as opioids, general anaesthetics, and cytotoxics. Indeed, prophylactic use may be required if severe nausea is anticipated such as following chemotherapy treatment. (Aschenbrenne r and Venable, 2008). Prochorperazine may be a suitable choice because of its dosage forms, thus rectal suppositories can be useful in patients with persistent vomiting or with severe nausea and the buccal tablet dosage form is also useful in such instances. However, during use of phenothiazines it is important to monitor severe dystonic reactions, especially in children. It is recommended as a second-line treatment for vomiting in pregnancy after promethazine.  [14]   Whereas the efficacy of cyclizine in treating nausea and vomiting has already been unequivocally proven, it is only available in tablet and injectable form. Nevertheless, cyclizine may be the choice of drug over prochlorperazine in children since in this patient population the latter can only be administered orally (BNF, 2012), and therefore requires patient compliance for success. There is no evidence that either of the two drugs is superior to the other in terms of efficacy; also despite cyclizines longer plasma half-life compared with prochlorperazine, the duration of action is similar at around 4 hours. The adverse event profiles do however differ slightly, because of the differing underlying pharmacology of these two drugs. This is an important consideration in the choice of drug, alongside special precautions which, as described earlier, must be considered in conjunction with patients co-morbidities. It is also noteworthy that educating patients and their families regarding the drug of choice is important; for example warning patients against consuming alcohol with both prochlorperazine and cyclizine and warning patients against driving or operating machinery if susceptible to drowsiness with either drug. In summary, both cyclizine and prochloperazine have similar safety, tolerability and toxicity profiles despite their differing modes of action on a cellular level. Tolerability in terms of drowsiness is a potential problem for both drugs, but is generally dependent upon the individual patients susceptibility, warranting a trial and error type approach when determining which is the optimal drug of choice. Also, due to the drugs both being substrates of CYP 2D6 their phamacokinetic profiles may exhibit inter-subject variability by virtue of the different phenotypes of this enzyme which exist in the population. This differing pharmacokinetic profile would logically translate into a varied response in terms of therapeutic effects. Likewise, their potential to interact with other drugs is inextricably linked with their metabolism, namely metabolic competition at the cytochrome P450 enzyme receptor sites. Thus both drugs have the potential to interact with a wide range of other medications . Moreover, since both drugs are extensively metabolised in the liver, with excretion of metabolites in the urine, there is a need for caution in renal and hepatic disease. Cyclizine and prochlorperazine appear to be similarly efficacious with regard to their treatment of emesis caused by motion sickness. The literature is inconclusive regarding which drug would be more superior for PONV, or vertigo, and even though it has been suggested that prochlorperazine should be chosen over cyclizine when the nausea is severe, there does not seem to be any compelling evidence for this and many hospitals tend to choose cyclizine over prochlorperazine in their antiemetic protocols/guidelines. The most compelling evidence for choosing prochlorperazine over cyclizine in the primary care setting would be the high abuse potential with cyclizine. However, in the secondary care setting this is of minimal concern. Therefore a more compelling reason for choosing prochlorperazine over cyclizine in this setting might largely hinge on the greater flexibility in formulations available for prochlorperazine. Whereas both drugs can be given orally as a tablet, when patients are vomiting this may be inappropriate. The buccal tablet or rectal suppository, which is available for prochlorperazine, and is less invasive than an injection formulation may be more acceptable to many patients in such cases. To conclude, the present essay has demonstrated that the nursing process for effectively dealing with emesis is challenging and complex. Here we have witnessed the plethora of facts which the nurse must take into account prior to prescribing the antiemetic drugs cyclizine and prochlorperazine, and that even after attempting to optimise drug selection on the basis of such facts, success cannot be guaranteed. Ongoing monitoring of patient response/progress with the possibility of altering or augmenting the chosen drug therapy is necessary to improve outcomes, ensure patients receive optimal care, and that they enjoy maximal therapeutic success with minimal side effects. References Matchar DB, Young WB, Rosenberg JH, Michael P. Pietrzak, Stephen D. Silberstein, Richard B. Lipton and Nabih M. Ramadan. Evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache in the primary care setting: Pharmacological management of acute attacks. Available at: www.aan.com/public/practiceguidelines/03.pdf/. Accessed 28/10/12. CKS: Clinical Knowledge Summaries http://www.cks.nhs.uk/nausea_vomiting_in_pregnancy/management/prescribing_information/prochlorperazine/advice_about_prochlorperazine Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 607). Benson A J, Medication for Motion S

Studies Related To Teaching Competency Education Essay

Aggarwal ( 1969 ) conducted a survey on measuring of competency of instructors of primary schools of M.P. the survey revealed ( I ) more than 53 % of instructors were non intelligent plenty to be instructors and intelligence was significantly and positively related to capable cognition ( r= 0.42 ) ( two ) out of entire primary instructors 52.6 % did non like learning profession and their attitude was significantly related to competences of schoolroom instruction and ( three ) 70 % of the instructors passed in the 3rd division and about 50 % instructors did non possess equal cognition of topic to be able to learn competent. George and Anand ( 1980 ) studied the consequence of microteaching on learning self- construct and learning competency of pupil instructors. The chief findings of the survey were ( I ) There was important difference between the pre- trial and post- trial mean learning self concept tonss of the control group of pupil instructors. ( two ) There was important difference between the pre- trial and post- trial mean learning self concept tonss of the experimental group of pupil instructors. ( three ) There was important difference between the average addition tonss in learning competency of the control group and experimental group of pupil instructors. ( four ) Micro- instruction facilitated the sweetening of the learning ego construct of pupil instructors. ( V ) Micro learning proved effectual in bettering the learning competency of pupil instructors. ( six ) Micro- instruction intervention followed by summated scheme of integrating of learning accomplishments was found superior to micro learning intervention based on independent learning accomplishments in bettering the learning competency of pupil instructors. Passi and Sharma ( 1982 ) studied learning competences of secondary school instructors in Indore. The findings of survey showed that ( I ) the competences identified were- giving assignments, loud reading, utilizing chalkboard, utilizing support, tempo, avoiding repeat, consolidating the lesson, covering with pupil responses, bettering students ‘ behaviour, audibleness, utilizing secondary support, acknowledging students ‘ go toing behaviour, showing verbal manner and switching centripetal channel. ( two ) male and female instructors did non differ in competence. There was a important negative correlativity between the self perceptual experience of linguistic communication instructors and learning competence. ( three ) there was a important positive relationship between instructors ‘ instruction competence and liking of their students of their instruction behavior. Patel ( 1984 ) found that interactions with co-workers could better learning competence. His survey involved eight scientific discipline instructors spread over a period of six months and noted that the treatments and counsel from co-workers resulted in 11 % addition in the capacity for presentation and capacity for co- ordination of different learning accomplishments, in ability and wont of utilizing audio- ocular AIDSs for effectual instruction and addition in involvement in practical and written work of the student, and a 10 % addition in cognition of content. Prakasham ( 1988 ) studied the instructor effectivity as a map of school organisational clime and instruction competence and found that ( I ) The unfastened school organisational clime positively affected both the instruction competence every bit good as instructor effectivity. ( two ) Teachers of urban schools significantly excelled over instructors employed either in semi- urban and rural schools or schools located in industrial countries on both learning competence and instructor effectivity. ( three ) Females scored constantly higher with and undistinguished difference in all types of schools ; categorizes in footings of district, direction type and organisational clime. ( four ) There existed a important relationship between learning competence and instructor effectivity. Rajguru ( 1988 ) conducted a survey of the function of schoolmasters of cardinal schools and primary corporation schools to propose redresss to better their competences. He found that ( I ) 64.5 % instructors were cognizant of their functions. ( two ) 28 schoolmasters said that they observed 90.3 % of lesson and arranged theoretical account lessons besides. ( three ) Central schools schoolmasters guided the primary school schoolmasters in their work and besides visited them on a regular basis. ( four ) They besides arranged seminars and workshops. However, they were non satisfied with the lesson observation work. This work was evaluated by the supervisor but there was no cooperation between them. ( V ) Each cardinal school schoolmasters had to work for 45 hours in a hebdomad. Teaching was for 12 hours, lesson observation for 18 hours and 25 hours for other activities. Choudhary ( 1990 ) investigated the relationship of the learning competences of 178 secondary school instructors with the student accomplishment. Teachers ‘ manner of structuring inquiries was of import in act uponing students ‘ wishing for instructors. Their instruction was observed on at least four separate occasions during 3 months of learning in schools. No important positive relationship was found between the positive attitude towards general pedagogical principals and any of the instruction competence. A hebdomad negative relationship was obtained between instructors ‘ attitude and relationship with kids. It was suggested that the fosterage of positive attitudes in pre- service instruction, pupil instructors towards general pedagogical rules, on the footing of patterns aimed at heightening students ‘ academic accomplishment might consequences in lower quality instruction because of its inauspicious consequence on pupil- instructors relationship. Bassi and Kaur ( 1991 ) conducted a survey of the learning competence of linguistic communication instructors in relation to their job- satisfaction, venue of control and professional burnout. He found that ( I ) Language instructors had a moderate sense of personal achievement and success, and so they did non see any professional burnout. ( two ) There was no difference between the instruction competence and occupation satisfaction of the instructors on the footing of venue of control. ( three ) Female instructors, urban school linguistic communication instructors were found more externally controlled and satisfied with their occupations than the rural and high school linguistic communication instructors. ( four ) There existed a positive correlativity between the step of occupation satisfaction and the standard steps of learning competence, professional burnout variables and standard steps of learning competence. Thiagarajan et. Al. ( 1995 ) studied the relationship between instructor competence as perceived by pupils and accomplishment in Economics as a map of sex. Findingss revealed a important correlativity between learning competence and accomplishment. The magnitude of correlativity was different in male childs and misss. Kaushal ( 2001 ) while analyzing the effectivity of schoolroom oppugning behavior preparation on a sample of 40 pupil instructors which every bit measured in footings of alteration in the schoolroom oppugning behaviour of pupil instructors and sweetening in learning competency reported that CQBT helps in heightening the learning competence of pupil instructors of experimental group as compared to command group of pupil instructors. Farah ( 2002 ) studied in his comparative survey of learning competences of the instructors trained through the formal system of instruction and those through the distance instruction system. The findings indicate that there is no important difference between the cognition and attitudes of instructors trained through distance manner and those trained through the formal system terminal there is a important relationship between the attitudes and accomplishments of instructors. Pushpam and Sourdarajan ( 2004 ) conducted a survey of learning competence of secondary school instructors and found that ( I ) instructors working in assisted and matriculation schools have better learning competence than instructors working in govt. and corporation schools. ( two ) The learning competence of more experient instructors is better than the teaching competence of less experient. ( three ) Aged and high income govt. instructors have better instruction competence. ( four ) Private unaided school instructors have better instruction competence and station alumnus have better learning competence than the alumnus instructors. ( V ) Permanent instructors show better learning competence than impermanent instructors. ( six ) Teachers with high income have better learning competence than instructors with low income. ( seven ) No difference was found between rural and urban school instructors sing their instruction competence. ( eight ) Positive attitude of instructors towards le arning profession, occupation satisfaction of instructors and intelligence of pupils increase the learning competences of secondary school instructors. Shokeen ( 2006 ) studied the consequence of schoolroom oppugning behavior preparation on learning competence of pupil instructors and their ego construct and found that the experimental group pupil instructors asked more inquiries in their schoolroom as compared to the control group. The CQBT was found to be a better scheme than the conventional programme, of pupil instruction as learning competence of pupil instructors was enhanced after CQBT. It was besides found that CQBT was non merely effectual in bettering the schoolroom oppugning behaviour of pupil instructors, but it besides helps in bettering their ego construct. The overall appraisal points towards the ultimate effectivity of CQBT and it provides a theoretical account for proof of instructor. Smriti ( 2008 ) conducted a survey of creativeness in relation to learning competence of B.Ed. pupils and found that ( I ) There is no important difference between the creativeness of B.Ed. pupils belonging to rural and urban background. Therefore it is concluded that creativeness is non being affected by country or part. ( two ) There is no important difference between the creativeness of male and female B.Ed. pupils. Hence creativeness is non being affected by gender. ( three ) There is no important difference between the creativeness of B.Ed. pupils belonging to scientific discipline and humanistic disciplines watercourse. Therefore it is concluded that creativeness is non being affected by topics studied by pupils. ( four ) There is positive correlativity between creativeness and learning competence of B.Ed. pupils. Augustine, J. ( 2010 ) studied the ‘Teaching Aptitude, Competency, Academic background and Achievement in Educational Psychology of Student- instructors in the college of instruction. ‘ A sample of 200 pupil instructors selected from 5 colleges of instruction in Kottayam Revenue territory of Kerala was used. The findings of the survey showed that ( I ) There is important positive relationship between learning competence and learning aptitude of pupil instructors. ( two ) There is no consistent positive relationship between academic background and learning aptitude of pupil instructors. ( three ) There is no important positive relationship between learning aptitude and accomplishment in educational psychological science. Khatoon, Azeem and Akhtar ( 2011 ) studied the impact of different factors on learning competences at secondary degree in Pakistan. The survey investigated in to a descriptive research to critically reexamine of the impact of different factors on learning competences at secondary degree. The survey has defined female school instructor ‘s socio cultural jobs and environmental jobs.The chief aims of the survey were to happen out the female school instructors, socio cultural jobs, and Environment jobs and to mensurate the instruction competence of instructors by relationship between instructors and pupils. The undermentioned consequences were drawn by the research worker in the visible radiation of the analysis of the information. The largely households are in favours of female instructor ‘s occupation. The consequence proves that the female save the clip for domestic work due to hold half twenty-four hours occupation. The consequence proves that professional green-eyed mons ter is everyplace and largely it effects on their instruction competence. Kavita ( 2011 ) studied the consequence of schoolroom oppugning behavior preparation on learning competence of pupil instructors, attitude towards learning and their ego construct. A close analysis of the consequences indicates that the CQBT was found to be better scheme, than the conventional programme, of pupil instruction as learning competency of pupil instructors was enhanced after CQBT. It was besides found that CQBT was non merely effectual in bettering the schoolroom inquiring of pupil instructors, but it besides helps in bettering their ego construct. The overall appraisal points towards the ultimate effectivity of CQBT and it provides a theoretical account for proof of instructor. Pawar, I.A. ( 2011 ) studied the ‘Impact of Teacher Training on Teacher Competencies ‘ . The findings of the survey showed that ( I ) There is no important difference between the average tonss on instructor competences graduated table of instructors who have trained through conventional and that of those instructors who have done instructor preparation through distance instruction manner in footings of their cognition and attitude. ( two ) There is no important difference between the average tonss on instructor competences graduated table of male and female instructors who have trained through conventional every bit good as distance manner.Surveies related to Psychological Capital:Luthans and Youssef ( 2004 ) found that Authentic leaders ‘ assurance, hope and optimism roots from their strong beliefs in themselves, in their positive psychological capital and in doing clear to associates precisely what they need from them in order to accomplish sustainable growing and public presentation at single, squad, and/or organisational degrees. Such leaders besides recognize that they have failings, which they work to suit by environing themselves with highly capable followings and constructing an inclusive and engaged positive organisational context. Such contexts support followings for being actively involved in executing their occupation functions and duties, every bit good as in lending to the leader ‘s ain development. Lifeng, Z. ( 2007 ) studied the ‘Effects of Psychological Capital on Emplyoees ‘ occupation public presentation, organizational committedness and organisational citizenship behaviour. ‘ The consequence of the survey showed that after commanding for the demographic variables ( gender and age ) , emplyoees ‘ hope, optimism and resilience individually had positive impacts on their occupation public presentation, organisational committedness and organisational behaviour. Employees ‘ psychological capital ( a combined concept of hope, optimism and resilience ) had positive impacts on their occupation public presentation, organisational committedness and organisational citizenship behaviour. To sum up, this survey through empirical observation tested the positive relationship between psychological capital employees ‘ results. The research consequences indicated psychological capital had positive impacts on employees ‘ public presentation. Luthans, Norman, Avolio, et.al. , ( 2008 ) conducted a survey on ‘ The mediating function of psychoogical capital in the supportive organisational climate- employee public presentation relationship. ‘ The survey investigates whether the late emerging nucleus concept of positive psychological capital ( dwelling os hope, resiliency, optimism and efficaciousness ) plays s function in interceding the effects of a supportive organisational clime with employee results. Using 3 diverse samples, consequences shows that employees ‘ psychological capital is positively related to their public presentation, satisfaction, committedness and a supportive clime is related to employees ‘ satisfaction and committedness. Avey, Luthans and Youssef ( 2008 ) studied ‘The Additive Value of Positive Psychological Capital in Predicting Work Attitudes and Behaviors ‘ . This survey of a sample of employees ( N=336 ) from a wide cross subdivision of organisations and occupations found that their state-like psychological capital is positively related to desired extra-role organisational citizenship behaviours ( OCBs ) and negatively with unsought organisational cynicism, purposes to discontinue and counterproductive workplace behaviours. Except for single OCBs, their psychological capital besides predicted alone discrepancy in the same attitudinal and behavioural results beyond their demographics, nucleus self-evaluation, and personality traits, and person-organization tantrum and person-job tantrum. Avey, Luthans and Jensen ( 2009 ) studied the Psychological Capital: A Positive Resource for Combating Employees Stress and Turnover. The findings of the survey were ( I ) There was negative relationship between positive psychological capital and emphasis symptoms. ( two ) There was negative relationship between psychological capital and purposes to discontinue and occupation hunt behaviours severally. ( three ) Symptoms of emphasis would partly intercede the relationship between the psychological capital and both purposes to discontinue and occupation hunt behaviours. Mathur and Tiwari ( 2011 ) studied the Positive Psychology Capital, E.Q. , and S.Q. as determiner of subjective well-being in executive adult females and found that subjective well being is every bit and strongly influenced by several factors but the major 1s include positive psychological capital, E.Q. and S.Q. It is apprehensible that individuals who have properties of positive psychological capital, E.Q. and S.Q. can successfully get by with emphasiss of life and such emphasiss are perceived as chances instead than challenges. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that Psychological Capital, Emotional and Spiritual Intelligence play a important function in the care of Subjective Well Being in executive adult females. It can be indirectly assumed that these adult females must besides be really high on self- efficaciousness, resiliency, optimism and hope. Ravindranath ( 2011 ) explained the Life accomplishments as an attack in psychological capital in life and work scenes. He discussed that an intercession like life accomplishment s preparation are comprehensive including assorted countries like thought, behaviour and emotions. The concluding marks being self- consciousness, self- regard and accepting of others. In an person, life accomplishments develop over the old ages continuously in an active mode. There are many accomplishments, which are needed to successfully negociate each and every interaction. Expected learning results include a combination of cognition, values, attitudes and accomplishments with a peculiar accent on those accomplishments that are related to critical thought, and job resolution, self direction and communicating and inter- personal accomplishments. Further more life accomplishments evolved as a consequence of mental well being and wellness, so life accomplishments can be considered as an intercession scheme in positive psychological science and wellness. Kaur ( 2012 ) studied the occupation satisfaction of secondary school instructors in relation to psychological capital. She found that ( I ) there was negative negligible relationship between occupation satisfaction and psychological capital of secondary school instructors. ( two ) There was negative negligible relationship between occupation satisfaction and psychological capital of govt. secondary school instructors. ( three ) There was negative negligible relationship between occupation satisfaction and psychological capital of private secondary school instructors. ( four ) There was negative negligible relationship between occupation satisfaction and psychological capital of male secondary school instructors. ( V ) There was negative negligible relationship between occupation satisfaction and psychological capital of female secondary school instructors.Surveies Related to Religious Intelligence:Vaughan ( 2002 ) discussed that Spiritual intelligence is concerned with the interior life of head and spirit and its relationship with being in the universe. Religious intelligence implies a capacity for a deep apprehension of experiential inquiries and an penetration into multiple degrees of consciousness. Religious intelligence besides implies consciousness of spirit as the land of being or as the originative life force of development. If the development of life from stardust to mineral, veggie, animate being, and human being implies some signifier of intelligence instead than being a strictly random procedure, it might be called religious. Religious intelligence emerges as consciousness evolves into an ever-deepening consciousness of affair, life, organic structure, head, psyche, and spirit. Religious intelligence, so, is more than single mental ability. It appears to link the personal to the transpersonal and the ego to spirit. It goes beyond conventional psychological development. In add-on to self-awareness, it implies consciousness of our relationship to the transcendent, to each other, to the Earth and all existences. As a clinical psychologist, he farther explains that †spiritual intelligence opens the bosom, illuminates the head, and inspires the psyche, linking the single human mind to the underlying land of being. Religious intelligence can be developed with pattern and can assist a individual distinguish world from semblance. It may be expressed in any civilization as love, wisdom, and service. † Mahajan ( 2011 ) studied the Academic Achievement in relation to Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence. A sample of 140 pupils analyzing in category Eleven from four schools of Hoshiarpur was taken for the aggregation of informations. The technique employed was multistage randomisation of bunchs at school and subdivision degree. B- Variate coefficients and t- ratios were used to analyze the information. The findings were- ( I ) There exists no important difference between the emotional intelligence of male childs and misss. ( two ) There exists no important difference between the religious intelligence of male childs and misss. ( three ) There exists positive and important relationship between academic accomplishment and emotional intelligence of male childs and misss. Besides the relationship was found positive and important for male childs and misss individually. ( four ) There exists positive and important relationship between academic accomplishment and Religious Inte lligence of male childs and misss. Besides the relationship was found positive and important for male childs and misss individually. ( V ) There exists positive and important relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence of male childs and misss. Jeloudar and Goodarzi ( 2012 ) examined the relationship between instructors religious intelligent and their occupation satisfaction index at senior secondary schools degree. Participants were 177 pedagogues who completed the religious Intelligence Scale ( ECI ) , and a version of the Job Descriptive Index is a graduated table used to mensurate six major factors associated with occupation satisfaction based on a selected demographic variable. The findings of the survey showed that there were important relationship between instructors ‘ religious intelligence and their occupation satisfaction. The survey besides revealed that there was important difference found between instructors ‘ religious intelligence and their academic degrees. Further there were important relationship was found between instructors ‘ religious intelligence and five factors of occupation satisfaction: ( nature of the work itself, attitudes towards supervisors, dealingss with colleagues, chances for publicity, work status in the present environment ) , but no important relationship with one factor ( salary and benefit ) of occupation satisfaction. Rastgar, Davoudi and Oraji ( 2012 ) conducted a survey in Mazandaran, a state in North of Iran, and aimed to analyse the function of emplyoees ‘ religious intelligence in perceptual experience of organisational justness. There were 1100 forces in Mellat bank. A sum of 366 questionnaire were distributed among the bank forces and 288 filled questionnaires were returned. The factor analysis and findings show that emplyoees ‘ religious intelligence has a important positive influence on perceptual experience of organisational justness. This determination implied that the higher the degree of emplyoees ‘ religious intelligence, tended to increase the degree of employees ; perceptual experience of organisational justness.